In this chapter, emphasis is focused on the alternative biotechnological approaches for insect control, the molecular basis underpinning the development of insecticide resistance in insects and the most recent genomic and genetic tools that revolutionized understanding the mechanisms of insecticide resistance. Insects developed resistance to Bt toxins via diversified mechanisms including suppression of toxin activation within the midgut, toxin receptor mutations and modifications in the innate immune system. Insects tend to develop resistance not only to synthetic insecticides but also to Bt crops that have been recently introduced into the field. Despite the impact on the environment and human health, the application of enormous quantities of insecticides to control insect pests is a general practice. Insects are important organisms that threaten global food security due to their serious damage to food and feed crops.
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